The Value of Life in The Most Dangerous Game Essay -- Most Dangerous G

The Value of Life in The Most Dangerous Game  Ã‚   He is hunched down in the bushes, a .22-caliber pistol in his hand.   His blood-red lips split open in a smile as he watches his prey writhing, blood spouting from the wound, dry green leaves becoming wet crimson.   Then, with a terrible pleasure, he places the gun against the skull of his prey and fires one last round.   The hunter, brimming with sadism, drags his kill behind him, leaving a trail of blood behind on the ground.   Human blood.   This premise of man hunting man is one set up by Richard Connell’s short story The Most Dangerous Game.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The dominant theme to this story is that all life is to be respected and preserved.   A proof for this is that the protagonist, Rainsford, is at first disrespectful of animals when he hunts.   He is then placed into the animal’s role in a twisted hunt, and—due to the horrors he experiences—becomes more respectful.   More support to back this claim is that General Zaroff, the epitome of disregard for life, is defeated by Rainsford at the end.   However, this is not the most accurate theme of the story, and these examples also support another theme:   animals, and life in general, are not respected and never truly will be, and we should all come to terms with this fact.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Let us primarily take into consideration the aspect that Rainsford at first cares not for animals, but his view is altered by his experiences with Zaroff.   First, we must prove that Rainsford really did not care for animals.   Let us look at the conversation on the boat between Rainsford and Whitney.   Here is a quote:   Ã‚   â€Å"[...] Great sport, hunting.†   Ã‚   â€Å"The best sport in the world,† agreed Rainsford.   Ã‚   â€Å"For the hunter,† amended Whitney.  ... ...en that—and then takes Zaroff’s things, including his style of hunting, it is apparent that Rainsford has become worse, even as bad as General Zaroff.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusively, as the main character of The Most Dangerous Game fails to learn from such a horrible experience the value of life, a society that has not been subjected to such an experience will also not know the value of life.   Our disrespect has gotten even to the point where our children are killing their fellow children.   The value of life in all its forms has not been discovered by all of society, and it never will.   We must learn to cope with that fact, or we will all be, in the words of Sanger Rainsford, huntees of our own nature. Works Cited: Connell, Richard. "The Most Dangerous Game." Structure, Sound and Sense . Eds. Laurence Perrine and Thomas R. Arp. 4th ed. New York: Harcourt, 1983.

Architectural Textbook on How to Draw Perspective and to Tiles

1 BatHroom projects Bathroom-Tile Design By Lynn Hopkins W alk into a tile showroom, and you may be overwhelmed by the sheer number of colors, materials, finishes, and sizes available. The best way to keep your wits about you is to develop a strategy beforehand for the style of bathroom you plan to create. This plan will help to guide tile selection and installation. Before going to the store, think about the character of your new bath. Are you interested in a traditional bathroom with historical references, something with fixtures and finishes that remind you of an earlier time? Or are you dreaming of something more sleek and modern?Regardless of the style of bathroom you choose, designing a tile installation requires forethought. The accompanying drawings illustrate key areas to consider when developing a tile design and show how the traditional or modern character of the room might influence tile selection and layout. As part of the planning process, I recommend making detailed dr awings that show which tiles go where on both the floor and the walls. An accurate, scaled sketch of a section of wall and floor, plus any special corner conditions, makes it much easier to order, lay out, and correctly install the tile.Start by Planning the Walls There are three standard heights to consider when tiling a bathroom wall: wainscot height, shower height, and full-wall height. You may use one, two, or all three of these heights in a single bathroom, depending on the look you are trying to achieve and on your budget. Because tiled walls are more expensive than wallboard, tile often is used only where it is needed most: on the lower portion of the wall that requires water protection. This wainscot is usually between 36 in. and 42 in. tall, enough to provide a backsplash of 4 in. or so above the sink.Tile protects the walls below towel bars from wet towels, and the walls around the toilet from the spray of rambunctious kids. Tiling to wainscot height may be adequate protec tion around tubs without showers as most splashes occur below this line. In a shower area, however, all enclosure walls should be tiled high enough to protect the walls from water spray, at least 72 in. and preferably to the ceiling. 78 Details for a Traditional Bathroom 3-in. by 6-in. brick tiles 1-in. by 6-in. color band Fixtures are centered on tile layout. 1 Shower enclosure is tiled to at least 72 in.At least 4 in. 36 in. to 42 in. Bullnose tiles 2 Border tiles define limits of the room. 6-in. by 6-in. tiles 1. TURNING CORNERS Profiled edge tiles 2. INSIDE CORNERS A bathroom with traditional characteristics has plumbing fixtures that take their styling cues from an earlier era, generally the 1920s or 1930s. The tile should reinforce these historical references. Small wall tiles, such as 3 in. by 6 in. , 4 in. by 4 in. , and even smaller mosaics, were typical in the old days, in part because the adhesive available could not support tiles that were much larger and heavier than 6 in. q. Traditional styles often celebrate the edges where tile meets wall or where wall meets floor with a border or fancy molding profile. Borders run around the perimeter of the floor and/or walls, defining the limits of the room. Bathroom-Tile Design 79 Choose the Right Tile Tiles finished on only the front face are called field tiles. When installed, they are butted next to each other with grout filling the spaces in between. Wherever wall tile stops short of the ceiling, field tiles should not be installed on the top row because the raw, unfinished edge of the tiles will be exposed.For these locations, use tile with at least one finished edge. Typically, the finished edge is a rounded bullnose shape that makes an elegant transition from tile to wall surface. In bathrooms with traditional styling, this transitional edge frequently is celebrated with a decorative border that intro- duces a band of color, a pattern, a texture, or a special profile (see the drawings on p. 79). Bord ers Create a Transition Although a decorative border is a great way to handle the tile-to-wall transition, you’ll need to consider how to handle the border when the tile goes from a lower to a taller height.In a traditionally styled bath, I prefer to turn the edging and keep the border moving up, over, and down again, using mitered corners at each turn. I find that a miter creates a crisp, clean look and allows the flexi- Details for a Modern Bathroom The details in a modern room imply expansiveness and continuity. Tile frequently runs continuously from floor to ceiling or from corner to corner. Borders like those found in a traditional bath are seldom used because they would feel constrictive. Luxurious materials, such as stone, are treated simply so that nothing competes with or detracts from the beauty of the aterial itself. Modern designs often use larger tiles—8 in. by 8 in. , 6 in. by 12 in. , 12 in. by 12 in. , or 16 in. by 16 in. —because they feel more expansive. Visual interest comes from the use of multiple materials, patterns, textures, and plane changes. In this example, the height change at the shower area is emphasized with a bump-out separating the plumbing wall into two different planes. Within the shower, 12-in. by 12-in. stone tiles run floor to ceiling. The side edges of the stone tile are mitered to finish the outside corner. Outside the shower, 6-in. by 12-in. ceramic tiles are used on the walls.The running-bond pattern helps to tie the different materials together. 12-in. by 12-in. stone tiles Running-bond pattern is an easy, inexpensive way to add visual interest. Bump-out, 2 in. minimum 6-in. by 12-in. ceramic tiles 3 3. ChaNGING plaNES Room feels more expansive with large floor tiles. Inside corner marks transition from large shower tiles to smaller wall tiles. Mitered outside corner 80 Bathroom Projects bility to use border designs without a special corner tile (see the inset drawing on p. 79). Other areas that d emand careful planning are corner borders at wall intersections.If your bath has only inside corners, you will need tiles that are finished only on the face and one edge. Outside corners—those that project into the room—require tiles finished on the face, the top, and one side. If you use tile with a profile, you’ll need a special outside-corner tile. Not all tile manufacturers or lines include these special pieces. The baseboard area, at the junction of wall and floor, is another opportunity for a decorative border. If you used a color band at the top of the tiled wall, a second band of color would work well at the bottom. If not, consider a base tile that is taller than the wainscot tiles.You can choose base tiles with a profile that incorporates a radius to meet the floor tiles. cutting the tiles around the perimeter to fit. These guidelines recommend centering the pattern on either a tile or a grout line, depending on which choice results in the largest tile s around the edges of the room. This is a good place to start, but you may want to adjust your design in response to other features in the room. One of the typical ways your eye determines whether a pattern is centered is by comparing the end tiles: If the tiles on each end are equal in size, you assume the pattern is centered.However, if your eye cannot easily compare the end tiles to each other, you’ll look for other cues, such as alignment. Sometimes, especially in large rooms, it is preferable to center tiles along lines of sight or movement. By following this strategy, the tile pattern is centered on the person using the bathroom. Tiles centered on the entry door are centered on the person who walks through that door; wall tiles centered on the sink and on the mirror above are centered on the person looking in that mirror. Tiles centered on the showerhead and control valves also are centered on the person using the shower.If tile has been centered on the key sink and sho wer walls, the layout frequently is mirrored on the opposite wall. Centering tile on the sink and the shower controls may be difficult if the sink and the shower are on the same continuous wall; but this design should be possible if the distance between the centerline of the shower or tub fittings and the sink is a multiple of the tile size. Mark out the tile design before any rough plumbing work is done; then adjust fixture placements as required for the most attractive finished room.Alignment and centering of fixtures, tiles, and sightlines reinforces the organizing principles of the design. People subconsciously find that reinforcement reassuring and, consequently, attractive. Lynn Hopkins (www. lhopkinsarch. com), an architect specializing in residential design, is based in Lexington, Massachusetts. Floor Tiles Take a Cue From the Walls Floor tiles need to be more durable and slipresistant than wall tiles, so be sure to select a type intended for floor installation. The safety a nd durability characteristics of floor tiles may give them a different look than that of wall tiles.To tie the two surfaces together visually, use the same color, texture, pattern, or other design feature from the walls in the flooring. In a traditional bath, for instance, you might use a border of the same color on the walls and the floor. Another strategy is a floor patterned with a mix of small and large tiles, where the color of the small tiles matches that of the wall tile. Smaller tiles result in more grout lines, which give the floor more texture and make it less slippery. The additional grout is more susceptible to dirt and mildew, however. Center Tile Layout on Entries and FixturesMany tile-layout guidelines suggest positioning the layout on the center of the room and Bathroom-Tile Design 81 1 BatHroom projects Details from Great Bathrooms Benches, shelves, and hooks. Don’t overlook the convenience of a small bench where you can sit and shave, shelves that can hold s oap and shampoo, and some open wall space for towel hooks and bars. 82 Tile put to good use. Variations in tile size highlight architectural details, while glassblock tiles let in plenty of light. Bold and beautiful. the play of light and color in this bathroom isn’t an accident. t’s what happens when an architect plans a bathroom remodel with an artist. Details from Great Bathrooms 83 accentuate the positive. Large, rectangular porcelain tiles installed vertically draw attention to the shower’s high ceiling while the mosaic-tile floor provides plenty of traction. liven up a bland room. Blue and white mosaics splash color across the sink wall in this st. paul, minnesota, remodel. Color coordination. staying in the same color family ties together the mosaic pebble floor and the wall of sleek subway tiles. Updating a tradition.Designed to capture the calm richness of traditional japanese architecture but with a modern focus, this bathroom was created with wall and shower tiles by casalgrande padana and custom-cut slate floor tiles. 84 Bathroom Projects Balancing the budget. saving on white ceramic floor and wall tile freed up money for the aquacolored glass mosaic wall tile. let loose. a child’s bathroom is a great place to have fun with tile. this bathroom features a whimsical countertop of brightly colored tile. Use tile to differentiate. on the floor, a switch from 13-in. eramic tile to 2-in. tile (by cerim ceramiche) distinguishes the shower from the dry part of the room. on the walls, a mosaic strip (by ceramica tres estilos) adds zip. Details from Great Bathrooms 85 2 KITChen projeCTs Putting Tile to Work in the Kitchen by Lane Meehan O ur black Lab, Bogey, is a walking mud factory and sheds so much that for tile are granite, marble, and limestone, with granite being the hardest. Stone in its natural state is porous, so wherever it’s used in a kitchen, it must be sealed to resist staining and discoloration.Stone tile has color all the way through, so deep scratches won’t expose a different base color. However, a highly polished surface on a stone tile seems to accentuate even the smallest scratches. Stone can be installed on floors, countertops or backsplashes; however, it does tend to be a high-maintenance product. On the other hand, ceramic tile is made from clay rolled flat and either sun-baked or fired in a kiln. There are hundreds of different clays, each with its own characteristics that can vary the tile’s performance. Color is applied to ceramic tile in the form of baked-on glazes that also seal the tile.In the past, ceramic-tile finishes had problems standing up to heavy use and abuse, but with recent technical advances, ceramic tile now performs better than it used to. With most ceramic tile, the color is he should be bald. When it came time to choose tile for our kitchen floor, we looked for tile that would help disguise evidence of Bogey and our three active boys. We chose a tile that looks like stone but in a color and finish that could hide dirt and dog hair until I had a spare moment to run the vacuum. Our choice was based primarily on ease of maintenance, just one consideration when choosing kitchen tile.As a tile-store owner with a background in design, I field questions all the time about incorporating tile into clients’ kitchens. This chapter addresses the questions I am asked most frequently. What Types of Tile Can I Choose From? The two most basic categories of tile are stone and ceramic. Stone tile is a natural product, mined or quarried directly from the earth. The three most common stones used 86 Tile outlines and defines kitchen spaces. a tile border gives the island in this kitchen, designed by Tim Quigley of Minneapolis, its own separate visual space. The backsplash behind the stove forms a functional accent.Putting Tile to Work in the Kitchen 87 just on the surface, so deep scratches expose the clay below. Porcelain is another m anmade tile product. Porcelain is much denser than ordinary ceramic, making it harder to scratch and break. But as with stone, the shinier the surface of ceramic or porcelain, the more scratches will show. So I try not to use highgloss tiles anywhere in a kitchen except on backsplashes, areas that are less susceptible to scratching. In the past, porcelain has been more expensive than ceramic, but improvements in technology have reduced the price.Beyond the amount of gloss, tile finishes can vary greatly. Tile finishes are graded by their ability to resist wear due to traffic; a light-industrial tile has a higher durability rating than most residential-grade tiles. Industrial-rated tile is a bit more expensive, but the extra cost makes sense if your kitchen resembles a freeway. In addition to a durability rating, the Tile Council of America (see â€Å"Sources† on p. 94) gives tile a coefficient of friction (COF) rating, which indicates how slippery the surface will be underfoo t.But if the tile feels too smooth or too slick to the touch, it will probably be too slippery to use on the floor. How Do Lifestyle and Lighting Affect Choices? The first thing I ask clients about is their family, their lifestyle, and the way their kitchen is going to be used. For example, for a client who has a large family or who does a lot of entertaining, the kitchen is a busy hub with a casual atmosphere. For this kitchen, I might suggest warm-colored tile with perhaps a softer stone look. After the client’s lifestyle, I look at the type of lighting in the kitchen.If it is blessed with a great deal of natural light from windows or skylights, tumbled marble tile or tile with a matte finish will absorb light and create a softer look (see the photo on p. 90). A textured surface on the tile softens the effect even further. On the other hand, tile with a glossy finish reflects light and helps brighten areas of a kitchen that are dimly lighted or that receive little or no nat ural light. Remember that glossy tile used in a kitchen with a lot of light, either natural or artificial, requires more frequent cleaning because fingerprints and water spots tend to show up more.When choosing tile, I also look at the color and finish of the cabinets and countertops. If the counters and cabinets have a matte or satin finish, then I try to keep the same feel in the floors and the backsplash. By the same token, if the kitchen has the Tile Offers Almost Endless Options Multipurpose porcelain Ceramic wall tile with blue crackle glaze Commercial ceramic wall tile Rosso-Verona tumbled marble Handmade glazed wall tile Handmade sanded floor tile Porcelain floor tile Limestone tile Stone look-alike ceramic tile Marble floor or wall tile 88 Kitchen Projects Ceramic Tile: Porcelain vs. Nonporcelain l tiles made of clay and cured by heat are ceramic tiles. However, ceramic tile is best understood by dividing it into two product classifications: porcelain and nonporcelain. Thei r availability and look are roughly the same, but their durability is not. Thanks to a balance in the market, porcelain tiles can now be had at nearly the same price as nonporcelain products. a when the tiles are glazed. Also, when some porcelain tiles are glazed, they are no longer guaranteed to be frostproof. nonporcelain tile is easier to work with Nonporcelain tiles are made primarily of clay mixed with minerals and water.The material is then fired to solidify the tiles into a bisque form. This process creates tile that isn’t as hard as porcelain, so it can be worked more easily with basic snap cutters and nippers instead of a wet saw. In most cases, a sealer and a glaze are applied to the surface of nonporcelain tile to create color and texture before the tile receives a second firing. The glaze applied to nonporcelain tile can make it extremely durable, but never as durable as porcelain. Nonporcelain tile’s main weakness is that it has a water-absorption rate of greater than 0. %. As a result, the tile doesn’t perform nearly as well as unglazed porcelain tile in outdoor freeze/thaw environments. porcelain tile is more durable Porcelain tiles are created by mixing porcelain clay and very finely ground sand, and curing them with high heat and pressure. Porcelain tile is denser and harder than nonporcelain tile and has a lower water-absorption rate of 0. 5% or less. Porcelain’s density makes it highly resistant to physical damage, while its low absorption rate makes the tile frost resistant, allowing it to be used outdoors.Unglazed porcelain tile is sought after for its full-body characteristics, which means its color remains consistent throughout the tile. Surface scratches and damage are less noticeable as a result, a benefit that diminishes The top choice when strength matters most. although nonporcelain tiles can be quite durable, none are as resilient as porcelain. Buy what looks good. even though damage to nonporcelain tile s is more noticeable than with some porcelain tile, they can be purchased in grades that are perfectly suited for high-contact areas like kitchen counters and floors. Putting Tile to Work in the Kitchen 89Tile can act as a dimmer switch. This kitchen gets lots of light from two sides. The natural colors and matte finish of the tumbled-marble countertop and backsplash help soften the light and cut down on glare in a kitchen with a lot of windows. polished, streamlined look of many contemporary kitchens, I suggest a straightforward tile pattern with a glossy finish. Tile color can make a large contribution toward a warm or cool feel in a kitchen. The earthy tones of limestone or tumbled marble are the warmest of the tile colors, while bright whites and blues tend to be quite cool. But even cool colors can be warmed with colored grout.For example, an ivory or off-white grout color can take the cool edge off bright white. The reverse can be true if you’re trying to achieve a form al or industrial feel with gray or blue tile. A steel-gray grout helps create a crisp, cool look. A quick vacuum and an occasional mopping, and you’re off and running. If cooking and entertaining are big parts of your life, then I’d suggest tile that won’t stain if hot grease and oil or an occasional glass of wine is spilled on it. A glazed ceramic tile works best in this situation, but for an Old World look, you can use a real stone, such as limestone.If you select a stone-tile floor, be sure to treat it with a good sealer according to the manufacturer’s directions. We recommend either Miracle Sealants’ Porous Plus or One Master Marble and Stone Care’s Gold Shield (see â€Å"Sources† on p. 94) for sealing stone tile. No matter what tile you choose for your kitchen floor, the grout should also be sealed. To make the grout more impervious to spills and stains, I recommend starting with a latex-modified grout or one that is mixed with a latex additive instead of water. Once the grout has cured properly, a sealer such as Miracle Sealants’ Porous Plus will fight off most food incursions.Another grout option is epoxy, which is stain resistant and does not require sealing. But because epoxy is harder to work with for the installer, we generally use it for smaller Will My Three Boys and the Family Dog Hurt My Tile Floor? A client’s lifestyle has the biggest bearing on the choice of floor tile. If you’d rather spend time with your three growing boys than take care of your kitchen floor, I suggest tile that hides a multitude of sins (and dirt) and always seems to look nice, such as a ceramic-stone look-alike (see the photo on the facing page). 90 Kitchen Projects No time for cleaning?For busy, active families with kids and pets, consider a tile floor with a lot of color variations such as this stone look-alike. It stays better looking longer between cleanings. areas, such as countertops. With some ti le, such as limestone, epoxy grout is not recommended, so be sure to check with manufacturers’ suggestions. some sort of threshold to create a clean transition into the next room. Tile thickness can also affect doors that swing into the kitchen, as well as appliances, such as dishwashers or trash compactors, that have to fit under the countertops in a kitchen. How Does a Tile Floor Relate to Adjacent Rooms?The kitchen-floor tile should help establish a visual flow into the surrounding areas, so I ask clients about the colors and materials on the floors of the rooms that are adjoining the kitchen. For example, if the kitchen floor joins up with a dark wood floor in the dining room, consider using tile with a warm, medium color to cut down on the visual contrast between rooms. If the kitchen floor meets colored carpet in an adjacent room, keep in mind that you’ll probably change the carpet at some point, so choose a neutral tile color that will go with future carpet choi ces. Tile thickness is another consideration.Whether the kitchen floor butts up against other existing tile, hardwood floors, or carpet, the tile installer will need to install Can Tile Make My Tiny Kitchen Look Bigger? Tile layout can have a big impact on a room’s appearance. While a parallel or straight pattern can intensify the narrowness of a kitchen, a diagonal tile pattern makes a room look wider (see the sidebar on p. 93). Tile size can also affect the appearance of the room. The smaller the tile, the busier the grout–joint pattern. The simple grout–joint pattern you get with larger 10-in. to 12-in. tiles can make a small room look larger. Smaller 4-in. to 6-in. iles on a floor can have the opposite effect, creating a mosaic pattern or a cobblestone look. Clipping the corners of square tiles creates hexagons or octagons with small square spaces left between. The small tiles (called Putting Tile to Work in the Kitchen 91 dots) that fill the spaces can intr oduce a dash of color to the floor in a pattern that breaks up the simple straight lines. Irregular tile patterns such as block random (using three sizes of tile) or a pinwheel pattern can help unify a kitchen that has many entrances and exits. These patterns also work well to blend together tile that is highly varied in color.A tile border on the floor can make a kitchen look cozier by bringing the eye in or by creating a frame around the kitchen table or an island (see the photo on p. 87). slab. And with granite tile, it’s easy to add a border to accent or complement the color of the stone. One drawback to stone tile on a countertop is the edges. Although you can round over the edges, granite tile is thinner than a solid slab (3? 8 in. to 1? 2 in. compared with 11? 4 in. , normal thickness for a granite slab), so it’s tougher to get the same full-slab look. Another drawback is not being able to install an undermount sink with granite tile.Although the tight grout joi nts of granite tile create a good, smooth work surface, machine-made ceramic tile with standard grout joints makes a slightly rougher work surface. Handmade tile is usually installed with wider grout joints that are charming, but its inherently bumpy surface can be difficult to work on and can cause wine glasses and bowls to tip over (see the photos at left). The edges of a tile countertop can be addressed in various ways. Continuing the tile over the edge gives the countertop a thick look. Relief tile, such as a rope pattern, can turn countertop edges into a visual focal point.Wooden edges that match or complement cabinets are also popular. As on floors, borders on countertops can add decoration. But if it’s used in too large an area or if a lot of items are stored on the counter, a border can be lost or distracting. Tile can also be combined with other types of surfaces for a dramatic look (see the photo on p. 90). For instance, the savings from tiling most of the counterto p might leave enough money for a solid slab of granite in the sink area for an undermount sink. A stone slab or a wood surface on only the island could make a bold statement while providing a smooth surface for an informal eating area.Is Tile OK for a Kitchen Countertop? Granite-slab countertops have long been popular in high-end kitchens. Tile countertops, both ceramic and stone, have some of the same attributes as slabs, such as durability and heat resistance, but at less than half the cost, depending on the tile you choose. Granite tile can be installed with tight grout joints to give the impression of a solid Handmade tile is pretty but uneven. The irregular surface of handmade ceramic tile is a challenge to work on and can be hazardous to wine glasses.Cutting boards should always be used on tile countertops. 92 Kitchen Projects Tile Patterns at Work he right pattern can make a kitchen look wider. Floor tile installed in a straight pattern makes a narrow room seem narrower (see the left photo below) while tile in a T diagonal pattern softens the tunnel effect of a long, narrow kitchen, making it seem wider (see the right photo below). Can Tile Be Used as a Cutting Board? Although few tile or stone surfaces can stand up to a sharp kitchen knife, most hold up well under other kitchen rigors such as abuse from pots and pans.Limestone scratches easily, but those scratches can be sanded out. Surfaces such as glossy tile or highly polished granite tend to show marks more readily, and their scratches are harder to remove or cover up. Stone or ceramic tile with a matte finish tends to hide scratches and surface abrasions better. Stone tile is also porous, so it has to be sealed properly to resist staining from things such as red wine and grease. And some ceramic tiles, as well as polished stone such as granite or marble, can lose their shine when exposed to some food acids.As in floors, latex-modified grout should be used on tiled countertops along with a good coa t of grout sealer. Again, epoxy grout, which costs a little more and is a little harder to install, will make the grout impenetrable. Should the Backsplash Blend or Make a Splash? A tile backsplash is the spot where you can be really creative with tile in the kitchen (see the photos on p. 94). Because a backsplash functions to protect the wall from splashes and splatters that come from cooking and preparing food, the only prerequisite is that backsplash tile be easy to keep clean.Beyond that, the choices become mainly aesthetic. I always ask clients how much stuff they plan to keep on their countertops. Toasters, microwaves, and canisters tend to block the backsplash, and in that case, the backsplash just provides a backdrop of color and tex- Putting Tile to Work in the Kitchen 93 sources Miracle Sealants Company 800-350-1901 www. miraclesealants. com ture. I usually recommend extending the tile from the countertop all the way to the bottoms of the wall cabinets so that the backspla sh acts as a visual connection between the upper and lower cabinets.Borders usually work best above long stretches of counter that are uninterrupted by windows or appliances. And when installed three-quarters of the way up the backsplash, a border won’t get lost near the countertop or under the wall cabinets. At that height, a border will usually clear the height of the toaster or a bowl of fruit for a continuous line. If the client is thinking of having decorative tiles scattered randomly throughout the backsplash, I suggest taping playing cards to the wall at random to see if the effect works in that particular kitchen.Playing cards can also be used in a line to test the visual power of a border. Isn’t Tile Expensive? Tile varies greatly in price, and budget is a concern for the vast majority of my clients. So here’s my strategy for keeping costs down. First, use reasonably priced machinemade tile for large areas in the kitchen. Then there will be money left f or those handmade borders, small murals, or strategically placed accent tiles that will give your kitchen a rich look without breaking the bank (see the right photo below).Installation prices can vary greatly depending on the type of tile, the layout, and the conditions of the existing floors and walls. A tile installer can explain what your options are and how much each option costs. Even if you opt for a less expensive installation, always seal the tile. Sealing tile is pretty easy, so you can save a little by doing it yourself. Spend some money on a good sealer. Lane Meehan is a tile maker and designer of decorative tiles. She and her husband, Tom, own and manage Cape Cod Tileworks in Harwich, Massachusetts. orous plus One Master Marble and Stone Care 760-406-1097 www. onemastermarble. com Gold shield The Tile Council of America 864-646-8453 www. tileusa. com Tile Art and Accents he backsplash of cows in a pasture (see the left photo below) in this kitchen designed by Randy Fritz of Lakeside, Calif. , combines the art of Roger Dunham of Petaluma, Calif. , with the practicality of T ceramic tile. Random decorative tiles in a backsplash of less expensive, machine-made tile (see the right photo below) give this kitchen a colorful accent. 94 Kitchen Projects Architectural Textbook on How to Draw Perspective and to Tiles 1 BatHroom projects Bathroom-Tile Design By Lynn Hopkins W alk into a tile showroom, and you may be overwhelmed by the sheer number of colors, materials, finishes, and sizes available. The best way to keep your wits about you is to develop a strategy beforehand for the style of bathroom you plan to create. This plan will help to guide tile selection and installation. Before going to the store, think about the character of your new bath. Are you interested in a traditional bathroom with historical references, something with fixtures and finishes that remind you of an earlier time? Or are you dreaming of something more sleek and modern?Regardless of the style of bathroom you choose, designing a tile installation requires forethought. The accompanying drawings illustrate key areas to consider when developing a tile design and show how the traditional or modern character of the room might influence tile selection and layout. As part of the planning process, I recommend making detailed dr awings that show which tiles go where on both the floor and the walls. An accurate, scaled sketch of a section of wall and floor, plus any special corner conditions, makes it much easier to order, lay out, and correctly install the tile.Start by Planning the Walls There are three standard heights to consider when tiling a bathroom wall: wainscot height, shower height, and full-wall height. You may use one, two, or all three of these heights in a single bathroom, depending on the look you are trying to achieve and on your budget. Because tiled walls are more expensive than wallboard, tile often is used only where it is needed most: on the lower portion of the wall that requires water protection. This wainscot is usually between 36 in. and 42 in. tall, enough to provide a backsplash of 4 in. or so above the sink.Tile protects the walls below towel bars from wet towels, and the walls around the toilet from the spray of rambunctious kids. Tiling to wainscot height may be adequate protec tion around tubs without showers as most splashes occur below this line. In a shower area, however, all enclosure walls should be tiled high enough to protect the walls from water spray, at least 72 in. and preferably to the ceiling. 78 Details for a Traditional Bathroom 3-in. by 6-in. brick tiles 1-in. by 6-in. color band Fixtures are centered on tile layout. 1 Shower enclosure is tiled to at least 72 in.At least 4 in. 36 in. to 42 in. Bullnose tiles 2 Border tiles define limits of the room. 6-in. by 6-in. tiles 1. TURNING CORNERS Profiled edge tiles 2. INSIDE CORNERS A bathroom with traditional characteristics has plumbing fixtures that take their styling cues from an earlier era, generally the 1920s or 1930s. The tile should reinforce these historical references. Small wall tiles, such as 3 in. by 6 in. , 4 in. by 4 in. , and even smaller mosaics, were typical in the old days, in part because the adhesive available could not support tiles that were much larger and heavier than 6 in. q. Traditional styles often celebrate the edges where tile meets wall or where wall meets floor with a border or fancy molding profile. Borders run around the perimeter of the floor and/or walls, defining the limits of the room. Bathroom-Tile Design 79 Choose the Right Tile Tiles finished on only the front face are called field tiles. When installed, they are butted next to each other with grout filling the spaces in between. Wherever wall tile stops short of the ceiling, field tiles should not be installed on the top row because the raw, unfinished edge of the tiles will be exposed.For these locations, use tile with at least one finished edge. Typically, the finished edge is a rounded bullnose shape that makes an elegant transition from tile to wall surface. In bathrooms with traditional styling, this transitional edge frequently is celebrated with a decorative border that intro- duces a band of color, a pattern, a texture, or a special profile (see the drawings on p. 79). Bord ers Create a Transition Although a decorative border is a great way to handle the tile-to-wall transition, you’ll need to consider how to handle the border when the tile goes from a lower to a taller height.In a traditionally styled bath, I prefer to turn the edging and keep the border moving up, over, and down again, using mitered corners at each turn. I find that a miter creates a crisp, clean look and allows the flexi- Details for a Modern Bathroom The details in a modern room imply expansiveness and continuity. Tile frequently runs continuously from floor to ceiling or from corner to corner. Borders like those found in a traditional bath are seldom used because they would feel constrictive. Luxurious materials, such as stone, are treated simply so that nothing competes with or detracts from the beauty of the aterial itself. Modern designs often use larger tiles—8 in. by 8 in. , 6 in. by 12 in. , 12 in. by 12 in. , or 16 in. by 16 in. —because they feel more expansive. Visual interest comes from the use of multiple materials, patterns, textures, and plane changes. In this example, the height change at the shower area is emphasized with a bump-out separating the plumbing wall into two different planes. Within the shower, 12-in. by 12-in. stone tiles run floor to ceiling. The side edges of the stone tile are mitered to finish the outside corner. Outside the shower, 6-in. by 12-in. ceramic tiles are used on the walls.The running-bond pattern helps to tie the different materials together. 12-in. by 12-in. stone tiles Running-bond pattern is an easy, inexpensive way to add visual interest. Bump-out, 2 in. minimum 6-in. by 12-in. ceramic tiles 3 3. ChaNGING plaNES Room feels more expansive with large floor tiles. Inside corner marks transition from large shower tiles to smaller wall tiles. Mitered outside corner 80 Bathroom Projects bility to use border designs without a special corner tile (see the inset drawing on p. 79). Other areas that d emand careful planning are corner borders at wall intersections.If your bath has only inside corners, you will need tiles that are finished only on the face and one edge. Outside corners—those that project into the room—require tiles finished on the face, the top, and one side. If you use tile with a profile, you’ll need a special outside-corner tile. Not all tile manufacturers or lines include these special pieces. The baseboard area, at the junction of wall and floor, is another opportunity for a decorative border. If you used a color band at the top of the tiled wall, a second band of color would work well at the bottom. If not, consider a base tile that is taller than the wainscot tiles.You can choose base tiles with a profile that incorporates a radius to meet the floor tiles. cutting the tiles around the perimeter to fit. These guidelines recommend centering the pattern on either a tile or a grout line, depending on which choice results in the largest tile s around the edges of the room. This is a good place to start, but you may want to adjust your design in response to other features in the room. One of the typical ways your eye determines whether a pattern is centered is by comparing the end tiles: If the tiles on each end are equal in size, you assume the pattern is centered.However, if your eye cannot easily compare the end tiles to each other, you’ll look for other cues, such as alignment. Sometimes, especially in large rooms, it is preferable to center tiles along lines of sight or movement. By following this strategy, the tile pattern is centered on the person using the bathroom. Tiles centered on the entry door are centered on the person who walks through that door; wall tiles centered on the sink and on the mirror above are centered on the person looking in that mirror. Tiles centered on the showerhead and control valves also are centered on the person using the shower.If tile has been centered on the key sink and sho wer walls, the layout frequently is mirrored on the opposite wall. Centering tile on the sink and the shower controls may be difficult if the sink and the shower are on the same continuous wall; but this design should be possible if the distance between the centerline of the shower or tub fittings and the sink is a multiple of the tile size. Mark out the tile design before any rough plumbing work is done; then adjust fixture placements as required for the most attractive finished room.Alignment and centering of fixtures, tiles, and sightlines reinforces the organizing principles of the design. People subconsciously find that reinforcement reassuring and, consequently, attractive. Lynn Hopkins (www. lhopkinsarch. com), an architect specializing in residential design, is based in Lexington, Massachusetts. Floor Tiles Take a Cue From the Walls Floor tiles need to be more durable and slipresistant than wall tiles, so be sure to select a type intended for floor installation. The safety a nd durability characteristics of floor tiles may give them a different look than that of wall tiles.To tie the two surfaces together visually, use the same color, texture, pattern, or other design feature from the walls in the flooring. In a traditional bath, for instance, you might use a border of the same color on the walls and the floor. Another strategy is a floor patterned with a mix of small and large tiles, where the color of the small tiles matches that of the wall tile. Smaller tiles result in more grout lines, which give the floor more texture and make it less slippery. The additional grout is more susceptible to dirt and mildew, however. Center Tile Layout on Entries and FixturesMany tile-layout guidelines suggest positioning the layout on the center of the room and Bathroom-Tile Design 81 1 BatHroom projects Details from Great Bathrooms Benches, shelves, and hooks. Don’t overlook the convenience of a small bench where you can sit and shave, shelves that can hold s oap and shampoo, and some open wall space for towel hooks and bars. 82 Tile put to good use. Variations in tile size highlight architectural details, while glassblock tiles let in plenty of light. Bold and beautiful. the play of light and color in this bathroom isn’t an accident. t’s what happens when an architect plans a bathroom remodel with an artist. Details from Great Bathrooms 83 accentuate the positive. Large, rectangular porcelain tiles installed vertically draw attention to the shower’s high ceiling while the mosaic-tile floor provides plenty of traction. liven up a bland room. Blue and white mosaics splash color across the sink wall in this st. paul, minnesota, remodel. Color coordination. staying in the same color family ties together the mosaic pebble floor and the wall of sleek subway tiles. Updating a tradition.Designed to capture the calm richness of traditional japanese architecture but with a modern focus, this bathroom was created with wall and shower tiles by casalgrande padana and custom-cut slate floor tiles. 84 Bathroom Projects Balancing the budget. saving on white ceramic floor and wall tile freed up money for the aquacolored glass mosaic wall tile. let loose. a child’s bathroom is a great place to have fun with tile. this bathroom features a whimsical countertop of brightly colored tile. Use tile to differentiate. on the floor, a switch from 13-in. eramic tile to 2-in. tile (by cerim ceramiche) distinguishes the shower from the dry part of the room. on the walls, a mosaic strip (by ceramica tres estilos) adds zip. Details from Great Bathrooms 85 2 KITChen projeCTs Putting Tile to Work in the Kitchen by Lane Meehan O ur black Lab, Bogey, is a walking mud factory and sheds so much that for tile are granite, marble, and limestone, with granite being the hardest. Stone in its natural state is porous, so wherever it’s used in a kitchen, it must be sealed to resist staining and discoloration.Stone tile has color all the way through, so deep scratches won’t expose a different base color. However, a highly polished surface on a stone tile seems to accentuate even the smallest scratches. Stone can be installed on floors, countertops or backsplashes; however, it does tend to be a high-maintenance product. On the other hand, ceramic tile is made from clay rolled flat and either sun-baked or fired in a kiln. There are hundreds of different clays, each with its own characteristics that can vary the tile’s performance. Color is applied to ceramic tile in the form of baked-on glazes that also seal the tile.In the past, ceramic-tile finishes had problems standing up to heavy use and abuse, but with recent technical advances, ceramic tile now performs better than it used to. With most ceramic tile, the color is he should be bald. When it came time to choose tile for our kitchen floor, we looked for tile that would help disguise evidence of Bogey and our three active boys. We chose a tile that looks like stone but in a color and finish that could hide dirt and dog hair until I had a spare moment to run the vacuum. Our choice was based primarily on ease of maintenance, just one consideration when choosing kitchen tile.As a tile-store owner with a background in design, I field questions all the time about incorporating tile into clients’ kitchens. This chapter addresses the questions I am asked most frequently. What Types of Tile Can I Choose From? The two most basic categories of tile are stone and ceramic. Stone tile is a natural product, mined or quarried directly from the earth. The three most common stones used 86 Tile outlines and defines kitchen spaces. a tile border gives the island in this kitchen, designed by Tim Quigley of Minneapolis, its own separate visual space. The backsplash behind the stove forms a functional accent.Putting Tile to Work in the Kitchen 87 just on the surface, so deep scratches expose the clay below. Porcelain is another m anmade tile product. Porcelain is much denser than ordinary ceramic, making it harder to scratch and break. But as with stone, the shinier the surface of ceramic or porcelain, the more scratches will show. So I try not to use highgloss tiles anywhere in a kitchen except on backsplashes, areas that are less susceptible to scratching. In the past, porcelain has been more expensive than ceramic, but improvements in technology have reduced the price.Beyond the amount of gloss, tile finishes can vary greatly. Tile finishes are graded by their ability to resist wear due to traffic; a light-industrial tile has a higher durability rating than most residential-grade tiles. Industrial-rated tile is a bit more expensive, but the extra cost makes sense if your kitchen resembles a freeway. In addition to a durability rating, the Tile Council of America (see â€Å"Sources† on p. 94) gives tile a coefficient of friction (COF) rating, which indicates how slippery the surface will be underfoo t.But if the tile feels too smooth or too slick to the touch, it will probably be too slippery to use on the floor. How Do Lifestyle and Lighting Affect Choices? The first thing I ask clients about is their family, their lifestyle, and the way their kitchen is going to be used. For example, for a client who has a large family or who does a lot of entertaining, the kitchen is a busy hub with a casual atmosphere. For this kitchen, I might suggest warm-colored tile with perhaps a softer stone look. After the client’s lifestyle, I look at the type of lighting in the kitchen.If it is blessed with a great deal of natural light from windows or skylights, tumbled marble tile or tile with a matte finish will absorb light and create a softer look (see the photo on p. 90). A textured surface on the tile softens the effect even further. On the other hand, tile with a glossy finish reflects light and helps brighten areas of a kitchen that are dimly lighted or that receive little or no nat ural light. Remember that glossy tile used in a kitchen with a lot of light, either natural or artificial, requires more frequent cleaning because fingerprints and water spots tend to show up more.When choosing tile, I also look at the color and finish of the cabinets and countertops. If the counters and cabinets have a matte or satin finish, then I try to keep the same feel in the floors and the backsplash. By the same token, if the kitchen has the Tile Offers Almost Endless Options Multipurpose porcelain Ceramic wall tile with blue crackle glaze Commercial ceramic wall tile Rosso-Verona tumbled marble Handmade glazed wall tile Handmade sanded floor tile Porcelain floor tile Limestone tile Stone look-alike ceramic tile Marble floor or wall tile 88 Kitchen Projects Ceramic Tile: Porcelain vs. Nonporcelain l tiles made of clay and cured by heat are ceramic tiles. However, ceramic tile is best understood by dividing it into two product classifications: porcelain and nonporcelain. Thei r availability and look are roughly the same, but their durability is not. Thanks to a balance in the market, porcelain tiles can now be had at nearly the same price as nonporcelain products. a when the tiles are glazed. Also, when some porcelain tiles are glazed, they are no longer guaranteed to be frostproof. nonporcelain tile is easier to work with Nonporcelain tiles are made primarily of clay mixed with minerals and water.The material is then fired to solidify the tiles into a bisque form. This process creates tile that isn’t as hard as porcelain, so it can be worked more easily with basic snap cutters and nippers instead of a wet saw. In most cases, a sealer and a glaze are applied to the surface of nonporcelain tile to create color and texture before the tile receives a second firing. The glaze applied to nonporcelain tile can make it extremely durable, but never as durable as porcelain. Nonporcelain tile’s main weakness is that it has a water-absorption rate of greater than 0. %. As a result, the tile doesn’t perform nearly as well as unglazed porcelain tile in outdoor freeze/thaw environments. porcelain tile is more durable Porcelain tiles are created by mixing porcelain clay and very finely ground sand, and curing them with high heat and pressure. Porcelain tile is denser and harder than nonporcelain tile and has a lower water-absorption rate of 0. 5% or less. Porcelain’s density makes it highly resistant to physical damage, while its low absorption rate makes the tile frost resistant, allowing it to be used outdoors.Unglazed porcelain tile is sought after for its full-body characteristics, which means its color remains consistent throughout the tile. Surface scratches and damage are less noticeable as a result, a benefit that diminishes The top choice when strength matters most. although nonporcelain tiles can be quite durable, none are as resilient as porcelain. Buy what looks good. even though damage to nonporcelain tile s is more noticeable than with some porcelain tile, they can be purchased in grades that are perfectly suited for high-contact areas like kitchen counters and floors. Putting Tile to Work in the Kitchen 89Tile can act as a dimmer switch. This kitchen gets lots of light from two sides. The natural colors and matte finish of the tumbled-marble countertop and backsplash help soften the light and cut down on glare in a kitchen with a lot of windows. polished, streamlined look of many contemporary kitchens, I suggest a straightforward tile pattern with a glossy finish. Tile color can make a large contribution toward a warm or cool feel in a kitchen. The earthy tones of limestone or tumbled marble are the warmest of the tile colors, while bright whites and blues tend to be quite cool. But even cool colors can be warmed with colored grout.For example, an ivory or off-white grout color can take the cool edge off bright white. The reverse can be true if you’re trying to achieve a form al or industrial feel with gray or blue tile. A steel-gray grout helps create a crisp, cool look. A quick vacuum and an occasional mopping, and you’re off and running. If cooking and entertaining are big parts of your life, then I’d suggest tile that won’t stain if hot grease and oil or an occasional glass of wine is spilled on it. A glazed ceramic tile works best in this situation, but for an Old World look, you can use a real stone, such as limestone.If you select a stone-tile floor, be sure to treat it with a good sealer according to the manufacturer’s directions. We recommend either Miracle Sealants’ Porous Plus or One Master Marble and Stone Care’s Gold Shield (see â€Å"Sources† on p. 94) for sealing stone tile. No matter what tile you choose for your kitchen floor, the grout should also be sealed. To make the grout more impervious to spills and stains, I recommend starting with a latex-modified grout or one that is mixed with a latex additive instead of water. Once the grout has cured properly, a sealer such as Miracle Sealants’ Porous Plus will fight off most food incursions.Another grout option is epoxy, which is stain resistant and does not require sealing. But because epoxy is harder to work with for the installer, we generally use it for smaller Will My Three Boys and the Family Dog Hurt My Tile Floor? A client’s lifestyle has the biggest bearing on the choice of floor tile. If you’d rather spend time with your three growing boys than take care of your kitchen floor, I suggest tile that hides a multitude of sins (and dirt) and always seems to look nice, such as a ceramic-stone look-alike (see the photo on the facing page). 90 Kitchen Projects No time for cleaning?For busy, active families with kids and pets, consider a tile floor with a lot of color variations such as this stone look-alike. It stays better looking longer between cleanings. areas, such as countertops. With some ti le, such as limestone, epoxy grout is not recommended, so be sure to check with manufacturers’ suggestions. some sort of threshold to create a clean transition into the next room. Tile thickness can also affect doors that swing into the kitchen, as well as appliances, such as dishwashers or trash compactors, that have to fit under the countertops in a kitchen. How Does a Tile Floor Relate to Adjacent Rooms?The kitchen-floor tile should help establish a visual flow into the surrounding areas, so I ask clients about the colors and materials on the floors of the rooms that are adjoining the kitchen. For example, if the kitchen floor joins up with a dark wood floor in the dining room, consider using tile with a warm, medium color to cut down on the visual contrast between rooms. If the kitchen floor meets colored carpet in an adjacent room, keep in mind that you’ll probably change the carpet at some point, so choose a neutral tile color that will go with future carpet choi ces. Tile thickness is another consideration.Whether the kitchen floor butts up against other existing tile, hardwood floors, or carpet, the tile installer will need to install Can Tile Make My Tiny Kitchen Look Bigger? Tile layout can have a big impact on a room’s appearance. While a parallel or straight pattern can intensify the narrowness of a kitchen, a diagonal tile pattern makes a room look wider (see the sidebar on p. 93). Tile size can also affect the appearance of the room. The smaller the tile, the busier the grout–joint pattern. The simple grout–joint pattern you get with larger 10-in. to 12-in. tiles can make a small room look larger. Smaller 4-in. to 6-in. iles on a floor can have the opposite effect, creating a mosaic pattern or a cobblestone look. Clipping the corners of square tiles creates hexagons or octagons with small square spaces left between. The small tiles (called Putting Tile to Work in the Kitchen 91 dots) that fill the spaces can intr oduce a dash of color to the floor in a pattern that breaks up the simple straight lines. Irregular tile patterns such as block random (using three sizes of tile) or a pinwheel pattern can help unify a kitchen that has many entrances and exits. These patterns also work well to blend together tile that is highly varied in color.A tile border on the floor can make a kitchen look cozier by bringing the eye in or by creating a frame around the kitchen table or an island (see the photo on p. 87). slab. And with granite tile, it’s easy to add a border to accent or complement the color of the stone. One drawback to stone tile on a countertop is the edges. Although you can round over the edges, granite tile is thinner than a solid slab (3? 8 in. to 1? 2 in. compared with 11? 4 in. , normal thickness for a granite slab), so it’s tougher to get the same full-slab look. Another drawback is not being able to install an undermount sink with granite tile.Although the tight grout joi nts of granite tile create a good, smooth work surface, machine-made ceramic tile with standard grout joints makes a slightly rougher work surface. Handmade tile is usually installed with wider grout joints that are charming, but its inherently bumpy surface can be difficult to work on and can cause wine glasses and bowls to tip over (see the photos at left). The edges of a tile countertop can be addressed in various ways. Continuing the tile over the edge gives the countertop a thick look. Relief tile, such as a rope pattern, can turn countertop edges into a visual focal point.Wooden edges that match or complement cabinets are also popular. As on floors, borders on countertops can add decoration. But if it’s used in too large an area or if a lot of items are stored on the counter, a border can be lost or distracting. Tile can also be combined with other types of surfaces for a dramatic look (see the photo on p. 90). For instance, the savings from tiling most of the counterto p might leave enough money for a solid slab of granite in the sink area for an undermount sink. A stone slab or a wood surface on only the island could make a bold statement while providing a smooth surface for an informal eating area.Is Tile OK for a Kitchen Countertop? Granite-slab countertops have long been popular in high-end kitchens. Tile countertops, both ceramic and stone, have some of the same attributes as slabs, such as durability and heat resistance, but at less than half the cost, depending on the tile you choose. Granite tile can be installed with tight grout joints to give the impression of a solid Handmade tile is pretty but uneven. The irregular surface of handmade ceramic tile is a challenge to work on and can be hazardous to wine glasses.Cutting boards should always be used on tile countertops. 92 Kitchen Projects Tile Patterns at Work he right pattern can make a kitchen look wider. Floor tile installed in a straight pattern makes a narrow room seem narrower (see the left photo below) while tile in a T diagonal pattern softens the tunnel effect of a long, narrow kitchen, making it seem wider (see the right photo below). Can Tile Be Used as a Cutting Board? Although few tile or stone surfaces can stand up to a sharp kitchen knife, most hold up well under other kitchen rigors such as abuse from pots and pans.Limestone scratches easily, but those scratches can be sanded out. Surfaces such as glossy tile or highly polished granite tend to show marks more readily, and their scratches are harder to remove or cover up. Stone or ceramic tile with a matte finish tends to hide scratches and surface abrasions better. Stone tile is also porous, so it has to be sealed properly to resist staining from things such as red wine and grease. And some ceramic tiles, as well as polished stone such as granite or marble, can lose their shine when exposed to some food acids.As in floors, latex-modified grout should be used on tiled countertops along with a good coa t of grout sealer. Again, epoxy grout, which costs a little more and is a little harder to install, will make the grout impenetrable. Should the Backsplash Blend or Make a Splash? A tile backsplash is the spot where you can be really creative with tile in the kitchen (see the photos on p. 94). Because a backsplash functions to protect the wall from splashes and splatters that come from cooking and preparing food, the only prerequisite is that backsplash tile be easy to keep clean.Beyond that, the choices become mainly aesthetic. I always ask clients how much stuff they plan to keep on their countertops. Toasters, microwaves, and canisters tend to block the backsplash, and in that case, the backsplash just provides a backdrop of color and tex- Putting Tile to Work in the Kitchen 93 sources Miracle Sealants Company 800-350-1901 www. miraclesealants. com ture. I usually recommend extending the tile from the countertop all the way to the bottoms of the wall cabinets so that the backspla sh acts as a visual connection between the upper and lower cabinets.Borders usually work best above long stretches of counter that are uninterrupted by windows or appliances. And when installed three-quarters of the way up the backsplash, a border won’t get lost near the countertop or under the wall cabinets. At that height, a border will usually clear the height of the toaster or a bowl of fruit for a continuous line. If the client is thinking of having decorative tiles scattered randomly throughout the backsplash, I suggest taping playing cards to the wall at random to see if the effect works in that particular kitchen.Playing cards can also be used in a line to test the visual power of a border. Isn’t Tile Expensive? Tile varies greatly in price, and budget is a concern for the vast majority of my clients. So here’s my strategy for keeping costs down. First, use reasonably priced machinemade tile for large areas in the kitchen. Then there will be money left f or those handmade borders, small murals, or strategically placed accent tiles that will give your kitchen a rich look without breaking the bank (see the right photo below).Installation prices can vary greatly depending on the type of tile, the layout, and the conditions of the existing floors and walls. A tile installer can explain what your options are and how much each option costs. Even if you opt for a less expensive installation, always seal the tile. Sealing tile is pretty easy, so you can save a little by doing it yourself. Spend some money on a good sealer. Lane Meehan is a tile maker and designer of decorative tiles. She and her husband, Tom, own and manage Cape Cod Tileworks in Harwich, Massachusetts. orous plus One Master Marble and Stone Care 760-406-1097 www. onemastermarble. com Gold shield The Tile Council of America 864-646-8453 www. tileusa. com Tile Art and Accents he backsplash of cows in a pasture (see the left photo below) in this kitchen designed by Randy Fritz of Lakeside, Calif. , combines the art of Roger Dunham of Petaluma, Calif. , with the practicality of T ceramic tile. Random decorative tiles in a backsplash of less expensive, machine-made tile (see the right photo below) give this kitchen a colorful accent. 94 Kitchen Projects

Reflections on Child Development Essay - 700 Words

Reflections on Child Development This semester in Child Development has helped me a great deal. I came into this class wanting to be a Child Development teacher at the high school level. I am leaving this class with the same ambition to become a Child Development teacher. I have learned so much by taking this class and I know it will all be helpful in the future once I am standing at the front of a classroom. Also, just by watching the way Mary teaches the class, I have learned things that I want to take into my own style of teaching. I believe that there is so much more to a childs development than any psychologist or doctor could ever theorize. It takes many different things to make a child who they are and who they will†¦show more content†¦I didnt exactly agree with how Freud thought, but I let a lot of it slide because his theories were developed a long time ago before all of that stuff became something we all find to be a perverted way of thinking. One thing I found especially interesting about the class what when we watched 18 Ways to Make a Baby. It is amazing how far technology has come and what all we are capable of doing to help unfortunate families wanting to bear a child. I was even able to let my Child Development teacher from high school know about the video and now its something she wants to add to her teaching curriculum. It was also fun making the collage. It took quite some time to do, but I learned so much. I had to go online to look up pictures, and when I did, I stumbled across very interesting information. I was glad we had choices for the assignment. Everyone learns different; some by reading, some by seeing, some by reading, and some by doing. The internet assignments were also something that I enjoyed because it gave me the chance to surf the web to learn more about stuff I had learned in high school. I got to see other peoples views and better understand many of the concepts taught in class. 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In theRead MoreChild Development Reflections1256 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many key factors that play into a child’s development, the most important of these: the early childhood educator. The early childhood educator plays the role of primary influence in the child’s life, encouraging relationships between parent and child and establishing relationships between parent and teacher, helping the child’s skill set expand and they’re mental, emotional, and spiritual capacities to grow. The feelings I get when I become a influential force in a child’s life along withRead MoreChild Development Reflection Paper1332 Words   |  6 PagesCourse Reflection In this course, I have learned theories of child development, principles of growth and development, prenatal development, infancy, toddlerhood, three-four-and five years old, six-seven-and eight years old, middle childhood, adolescence: thirteen to nineteen years old, and where and when to seek help. I really enjoyed the adolescence: thirteen to nineteen years old chapter the most because, people tend to forget that even though they in high school their brains are still growingRead MoreReflection On Child Development And Education1134 Words   |  5 Pages Learning Reflection Paper 2 Heather York Huston Tillotson University In the readings and videos provided for this reflection, I found a lot of useful information about how family dynamics and genetics play a huge role in the educational system. Additionally, I learned that a teacher who is sensitive to these factors can make a big impact of the lives of their students. The videos provided great insight into the lives of a preschool student. They showcased how preschool studentsRead MoreChild Development Reflection Paper1805 Words   |  8 Pagesthe age of 21. Because of my lung challenges and my heart problem, I was sick a good portion of my childhood, usually spending numerous weeks each year hospitalized. My cognitive development was also normal growing up and through my adulthood. I was a high-spirited youngster and enjoyed being the class clown. As a child, I was often passed over when answering questions because I usually knew the answers prior to my classmates. Frustration of being passed over by teachers took its toll and eventuallyRead MoreChild Development Course Reflection Essay1730 Words   |  7 Pagesmajor requirements, but also made me understand more about the complexity of child development and how I can become a better person as a future parent and educator. Since I am an Education major, the four topics that would benefit me in the future are Erikson’s stages, Induction, Educational Self Fulfilling Philosophy, and Adolescence. I plan to be successful with my career and use what I have learned in Child Development to prepare future’s leaders of tomorrow. Initially, Erikson’s stages describedRead MoreReflections on Child Development Workshop Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pagesconfident when completing this task. The further studying also supported this matter as The Teaching Company (2008) promotes a range of observations and influences practitioners to step back and watch children, as it helps to notice stages of their development and their developmental needs. In comparison to my previous beliefs, the biggest change is the way I look at the learning process now. I appreciate that we should not put too much stress on what we teach, but rather on how we teach as learning isRead MoreIs Development A Continuous Process?1138 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Development is a continuous process, that is to say, that a time evolutionary precedes the other and this in turn sits on the happened before. Therefore, it is so important to educate on the principle of totality, because the development of the child is global. The movements of the newborn child in the cradle are global, impulsive and undifferentiated, in a short time gain control and coordination along the stage of lactation (Calkins, 2015). The first year of life is crucial, in that

Sci 209 Week 4 Paper - 984 Words

Oceans, Hurricanes, and the Climate SCI 209 Your Name March 01, 2010 Introduction Natural disasters occurring from the climate change could be on the rise. Global warming has been rumored to be causing more hurricanes, typhoons, cyclones, heavier monsoonal rains that cause major flooding, mud slides, and other disasters worldwide. A tropical cyclone, also referred to as hurricanes, typhoons, or cyclones, depending on where in the world the cyclone is occurring, are one of the world’s grandest shows of energy provided by nature. Hurricanes are large, swirling, low pressure storms that have sustained winds of over 74 miles an hour and are formed over warm ocean waters (NASA, n.d.). The purpose of this paper is to discuss hurricanes†¦show more content†¦Beta drift is caused by the Coriolis Effect and tends to have more effect on the storm as it grows due to the increased effect at higher latitudes. Other factors such as high pressure ridges, wind shear, other hurricanes, land masses, and the jet stream also have a steering effect on hurricanes. With a ll the different factors of propagation, the path a hurricane will take is very difficult to calculate. Ocean Currents and Hurricanes Ocean currents effect hurricanes far more than hurricanes effect ocean currents. Surface ocean currents carry the warm waters to the hurricane breeding areas and fuel the storms with warm currents along their paths. Cold water currents also play a major role in robbing the storms of one of their sources of fuel when hurricanes pass over the colder currents, like the ones along the eastern U.S. border. Hurricanes with their strong winds cause huge waves, mix warm surface waters and their currents, with the deeper cooler water. Not much is known about what happens to that warmer water once it has been sunk into the depths of the ocean but some suggest that the heat is transported towards the poles via ocean currents (Bettex, n.d.). The Gulf of Mexico’s loop current creates large warm water eddies in the gulf and is likely intensifying hurricanes that pass over them. These eddies are blamed for fueling some of the worst storms ever, like Katrina and Rita (Ocean Motion and Surface Events, n.d.). Hurricanes, StormShow MoreRelatedSci 209 Complete Course Oceanography2175 Words   |  9 Pageshttp://homeworkfox.com/questions/general-questions/1166/sci-209-complete-course-oceanography/ SCI 209 Complete Course Oceanography SCI 209 Complete Course Oceanography SCI 209 Week 1 SCI 209 Week 1 Individual Assignment NOAA Activity Part One Ocean Exploration Navigate to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) site at http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/ Select Explore from the menu, then select Ocean Exploration listed below Oceans. Choose an explorative mission that took placeRead MoreReview of Related Literature3694 Words   |  15 Pageseffects in addition to high operational cost. Insecticides of botanical origin have been reported as useful for control of mosquitoes. Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) and its derived products have shown a variety of insecticidal properties. The present paper discusses the larvicidal activity of neem-based biopesticide for the control of mosquitoes.MethodsLarvicidal efficacy of an emulsified concentrate of neem oil formulation (neem oil with polyoxyethylene ether, sorbitan dioleate and epichlorohydrin)Read MoreOn the Interface between Operations and Human Resources Management16889 Words   |  68 PagesCommissioned Paper On the Interface Between Operations and Human Resources Management John Boudreau †¢ Wallace Hopp †¢ John O. McClain †¢ L. Joseph Thomas ILR Human Resource Studies, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 IEMS Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 Johnson School of Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 Johnson School of Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 jwb6@cornell.edu †¢ hopp@northwestern.edu †¢ jom1@cornell.eduRead MoreFruit Tree Diversity And Fruit Consumption9708 Words   |  39 PagesChapter 4: Fruit tree diversity and fruit consumption in the context of deforestation in Cameroon 1. INTRODUCTION The world has been confronted with serious difficulties in curbing down the rate of undernourishment especially in sub-Sahara Africa (Vinceti et al., 2013, Arnold et al., 2011, Goenster et al., 2011). In developing countries, the livelihood and food security of smallholder land users are often at risk from unpredictable harvests, land degradation and climate change (Paumgarten and ShackletonRead MoreHemp Cultivation in China42289 Words   |  170 PagesDiemenstraat 192 1013 CP Amsterdam The Netherlands Clarke, R.C. 1995. Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Cultivation in the Tai an District of Shandong Province, Peoples Republic of China. Journal of the International Hemp Association 2(2): 57, 60-65. This paper summarizes the history of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivation and traditional use in the Tai an District of Shandong Province in the People s Republic of China, and investigates the cultivation and processing techniques currently being employedRead MoreEssay on Teaching: Grammatical Number and Notes21041 Words   |  85 Pagesdiscussing activities in progress at this exact moment? Now, right now, at the moment, etc. Review the Meaning and Use notes on page 36. * Which time expressions are used when discussing activities in progress, but not at this exact moment? This week, these days, etc. Review the Meaning and Use notes on page 36. * Give three examples of stative verbs that have different meanings when used in present continuous rather than when used in simple present. Have, look, see, weigh, taste, think, etcRead MoreHsc General Math Textbook with Answers153542 Words   |  615 Pagesalgebraic terms Equations 84 Solving equations after substitution 91 Changing the subject of the formula 96 Scientific notation 101 Chapter summary 105 Multiple-choice questions 106 Short-answer questions 107 78 iii iv Contents Chapter 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Interpreting sets of data 109 Mean 109 Median 116 Measures of spread 120 Investigating sets of data 126 Double stem-and-leaf plots 132 Double box-and-whisker plots 135 Radar charts and area charts 141 ComparisonRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pagesand for other purposes. 1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa- 2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF DIVISIONS, TITLES, rmajette on DSK29S0YB1PROD with BILLS 4 5 AND SUBTITLES. (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 6 ‘‘Affordable Health Care for America Act’’. VerDate Nov 24 2008 12:56 Oct 30, 2009 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H3962.IH Read MoreManagement Control Systems Pdf115000 Words   |  460 PagesICFAI welcomes suggestions from students for improvement in future editions. rI B S U se O nl y C la s s of 20 09 Contents PART I: AN OVERVIEW OF MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Introduction to Management Control Systems Approaches to Management Control Systems Designing Management Control Systems Key Success Variables as Control Indicators Organizing for Adaptive Control Autonomy and Responsibility

Short Story The Kidnapper - 1181 Words

No one else in the arcade noticed the kidnappers. The sound effects of the games the people played shot throughout the mind of one of the only people that had. The man could feel the pressure of the gun against his side, his eyes cringing from the pain, his body shaking from the tension of what pain his attacker had promised would come. But the man forced himself to appear steady. Maybe they’ll just let us go, he thought, we could just go back to playing the arcade games. Everyone could just be calm. Everyone could be okay, go back to playing the games. We may even be able to leave the arcade. I just have to be calm. We can all go back to playing the games. But by looking into the two of theirs’ eyes the man could tell that that wasn’t likely to happen. His best friend stood shielding the little girl that the man now stood at gunpoint trying to save. The child couldn’t even see him as shards of tears rolled over her eyes. Behind them were the two other assailants that had come with the attacker. Each of their bodies composed of more muscle than bone, and each of their pockets bulging with the impression of a gun. Right as the man sensed the kidnapper squeezing the trigger of his gun against his side, he heard the sound of a virtual machine gun slowly ripping through its target. Rather than rapid firing at everything in sight, as the man vaguely recalled it doing, the noise of the blast slowly ripped through one of its targets, as if enjoying the process ofShow MoreRelatedShort Story Irony913 Words   |  4 Pagesall these stories we are talking about. The Merriam-Webster definition of irony is â€Å"the use of words to express something other than, and especially the opposite, of the literal meaning.† These stories will keep you wondering what’s going to happen and when you least expect it, irony will come out of no where and surprise the reader. In the short stories, â€Å"The Veldt,† â€Å"Just Lather, That’s All,† and â€Å"The Ransom of Red Chief,† Irony is active throughout the whole story. In the short story â€Å"The VeldtRead MoreThe Ransom of Red Chief1721 Words   |  7 PagesLife had been well until O. Henry had been accused of the embezzlement of bank funds. O Henry denied the indictment but was still put in jail. In prison, he wrote and published hundreds of short stories in order to support his daughter. O. Henry was once asked why he wrote; he replied that every story conveys something about being a person. Having been wrongly accused may have led O. Henry to communicate his belief that criminals receive what they deserve in The Ransom of Red Chief. Read MoreAmusement in â€Å"The Ransom of Red Chief†.600 Words   |  3 Pages Amusement in â€Å"The Ransom of Red Chief†. Dictionary.com defines humor as a comic and absurd quality causing amusement. O.Henry adds amusement in the short historical fiction story, â€Å"The Ransom of Red Chief†. O.Henry adds humor to his story through the use of literary devices. O.Henry uses allusion, word play, and irony to create levity in his story. All of these create levity but one that especially creates levity is allusion. First, Allusion is good for creating humor because by using prior knowledgeRead MoreThe Ransom Of Red Chief Analysis1730 Words   |  7 Pagesliterature is The Ransom of Red Chief written by O. Henry. I enjoyed the plot twist in this story, as well as the symbolism and irony throughout. When the antagonists, Sam and Bill devise a plan to kidnap Johnny, the son of wealthy businessman Ebenezer Dorset, they anticipated a good sum of easy money. As the story unfolds, Johnny proves to be very troublesome and causes much stress to the extent when the kidnappers cannot tolerate Johnny any longer. They sent a ransom letter to Ebenezer to â€Å"demand fifteenRead MoreHome Alone, And Ransom Of Red Chief And Home Alone1696 Words   |  7 PagesNo matter what story there is always a theme and sometimes it can be very moving. The theme for Ransom of Red Chief and Home Alone is that appearances can be deceiving. It states on page 62, â€Å"Hey little boy! says Bill, would you like to have a ba g of candy and a nice ride? The boy hits Bill square in the eye with a piece of brick†(O’ Henry 62). This means that Bill thought Red Chief was stupid, small and he didn’t expect the little boy to hurt him. From a scene in Home Alone Harry and Marv knockedRead MoreComparing Two Newspaper Articles2069 Words   |  9 Pages Comparing two newspaper articles, one from a tabloid and one from a broadsheet will convey the different techniques that tabloids and broadsheets use to present stories. Media in general, aim to inform and interest the audience which consist of many different types. Diverse emotions and ideas are created by the media; foremost tabloids. Tabloids are papers like ‘The Sun’, ‘The Mirror’, ‘The Daily Mail’, ‘The Express’ and ‘The Star’. In contrast to these are broadsheets like ‘The Times’, ‘The Guardian’Read More Achilles in The Illiad is not a Hero Essay100 9 Words   |  5 Pagesleads through personal example and accomplishments requiring bravery, skill, determination, and other admirable qualities.† Achilles, in no manner, fits this definition. By contemporary standards, he is instead a pathetic villain. Aside from being a kidnapper, rapist and murderer, Achilles proves to be emotionally weak, selfish, and malicious. Many times throughout the Illiad, Achilles is also referred to as â€Å"godlike†. The gods of Greek mythology were subject to the same emotions and character flaws asRead MoreVictory Lap1369 Words   |  6 Pagesseen in â€Å"Victory Lap† by George Saunders, a short story written in such a way that the events that are enrolling throughout the story are being processed and told through the minds of three main characters. Having the perspective of each character allows us, the readers to get a much greater understanding about them and to make a better character analysis. Having said that, this story i s simply about a girl, Alison getting kidnapped by an unnamed kidnapper. What were really captivating were the changesRead MoreHumor of a Common Fear817 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Life doesnt make any sense, and we all pretend it does. Comedys job is to point out that it doesnt make sense, and that it doesnt make much difference anyway.† ~Eric Idle. In â€Å"The Ransom of Red Chief† by O. Henry this concept comes to life. The story is about two men kidnapping a young child and karma coming back to bite them in the butt. The two men are Sam and Bill, each is being abused by the child known as Johnny but goes by Red Chief. Sam and Bill ask for a ransom of $2,000, but they end upRead MoreFinding Nemo Film Analysis1117 Words   |  5 PagesAfter a confusing instructional speech on how to exit properly Squirt pushes them into the exit flume and back into the open water. After Kim gets snatched by the kidnapers Bryan hears heavy breathing on the phone. Bryan threatens the kidnapper and the kidnapper responds with a thick accent, Good Luck,. Bryan arrives to the apartment were everything occur and found Kims phone. He visualizes the abduction from the clues left behind at the scene and finds and recovers the memory card from Kims

Rogarian Arguments Free Essays

Quiz – Chapter 2 Name: U number: 1. The dramatic recovery of Russian Economy in recent days can be attributed to: a. record world prices for oil and gas b. We will write a custom essay sample on Rogarian Arguments or any similar topic only for you Order Now the succession of Vladimir Putin as president c. Putin slashed subsidies to state-owned enterprises d. the price increases for imports due to ruble’s devaluation e. all of the above can be attributed 2. According to author William Greider, executives and marketers must take into account the following new realities in the global economic situation: a. production has become â€Å"uncoupled† from employment b. he world economy dominates the scene c. the struggle between capitalism and socialism is over d. the growth of e-commerce diminishes the importance of national barriers e. all of the above 3. The rampant corruption and bribery witnessed in a nation’s economy is referred to as: a. re-nationalization b. managed democracy c. Kleptocracy d. autocracy e. None of the above 4. One of the distinguishing features of Centrally Planned Capitalism economic system is: a. all production resources are privately owned b. the state has broad powers to serve the public interes t as it sees fit c. ommand resource allocation is utilized extensively in private resource ownership environment d. market allocation policies are permitted within and environment of state ownership e. none of the above 5. The Swedish government has significant holdings in key business sectors and has hybrid economic system that incorporate: a. market capitalism and centrally planned socialism b. centrally planned socialism and market socialism c. centrally planned socialism and capitalism d. market socialism and market capitalism e. market capitalism and socialistic capitalism 6. Which type of economic system is characterized by command resource allocation and private resource ownership: a. market capitalism b. centrally-planned capitalism c. market socialism d. centrally-planned socialism e. None of the above 7. Which type of economic system is characterized by market resource allocation and state resource ownership: a. market capitalism b. centrally-planned capitalism c. market socialism d. centrally-planned socialism e. None of the above 8. China predominantly follows an economic system that can be classified under: a. centrally planned socialism b. market socialism . market capitalism d. centrally planned capitalism e. socialistic capitalism 9. Which of the following is true about economic output in China today: a. the state sector accounts for about 75 percent of output b. the state and private sectors each account for about 50 percent of output c. the private sector accounts for about 75 percent of output d. the private sector is virtually nonexistent i n China e. the state sector is virtually nonexistent in China 10. The Washington, DC-based Heritage Foundation compiles a survey of over 150 countries ranked by degree of economic freedom. Although there are a number of key economic variables which are considered in this ranking it does not include: a. monetary policy b. banking policy c. black market d. property rights e. none of the above 11. Singapore banned the import, manufacture, and sales of chewing gum in the country since wads of gum were making a mess on sidewalks, buses, and subway trains. Violators are subject to severe penalties and before buying a pack consumers must register their names and addresses. This according to author William Greider demonstrates that Singapore’s government: a. is harshly autocratic . administers a paranoid control over Singaporeans c. administers a paranoid control over press and politics d. runs an effective welfare state e. all of the above 12. The general characteristics shared by low-income countries does not include: a. high birth rates b. low literacy rates c. concentration in Africa south of the Sahara d. heavy reliance on foreign aid e. low tourist income 13. Whic h of the following BRIC nations fall in the lower-middle-income category? a. India and China b. China and Brazil c. Brazil and Russia d. Russia and India e. none of the above 14. Pursuing alternative sources of energy, such as wind and solar power is important due to the fact that: a. people in developing countries are more conscious about environment b. global marketers are more interested in publicizing environmental issues c. it is easy to develop solar power in many parts of the world d. heavy reliance on fossil fuels contributes to global warming e. people worldwide can afford to buy power generated from wind and solar 15. Product and market opportunities in a postindustrial society are more heavily dependent upon new products and innovations than in industrial societies. An example of this would be: . Nestle marketing Bono brand cookies in Brazil b. Coca-cola company developing a beverage Vintago in low-income countries c. New e-commerce markets for interactive forms of electronic communication d. Hermes creating handbags called Amazonia e. India’s Suzlon Energy using wind driven turbines 16. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Developm ent (OECD) is comprised of: a. the 30 high-income countries b. countries that believe in market-allocation economic systems c. pluralistic democracies d. countries that demonstrate progress toward economic reform e. all of the above statements are applicable 7. The fastest-growing sector of world trade includes: a. travel and entertainment b. accounting and legal services c. royalties and license fees d. engineering services e. all of the above 18. Between the year 2001 and 2006, China bought more than $ 250 billion in U. S. Treasury bonds. Such purchases: a. ensures that China’s currency is relatively weak compared to the U. S. dollar b. indicate that China is not sure of its economic viability c. show that currency exchange rate is unpredictable d. predict that yuan will be devalued in the near future e. China’s currency is stronger than the U. S. dollar 9. To the extent that a country sells more goods and services abroad than it buys, there will be: a. a greater dem and for its currency b. a surplus production of goods and services c. a scarcity of goods and services within the country d. a need for revaluation of its currency e. time for fluctuating its currency 20. The Big Mac Index dated February 01, 2007 shows that the price of Big Mac in China was 11 yuan whereas its price in the United States was $ 3. 22. The index translated into yuan being undervalued by 56%. This shows that: a. Big Mac is more expensive in the United States than in China b. Big Mac is less expensive in the United States than in China c. Big Mac costs the same in the United States and China d. Big Mac is less popular in China than in the United States e. Big Mac is more popular in China than in the United States Essay Question The newly independent countries of the former Soviet Union present an interesting situation: on one hand the income is declining creating considerable economic hardship whereas there are attractive opportunities with good potential from moving out of the low-income category. What are some of the problems and opportunities for these countries? How to cite Rogarian Arguments, Papers

IT Network Designing A Case Study of Direct Engineering

Question: Discuss about theIT Network Designing for a Case Study of Direct Engineering. Answer: Introduction: Requirements Analysis Scope of the Project Direct Engineering and Logistic Solutions (DEALS) is a new business that will comprise of four businesses merged together in a centralized network infrastructure. The four buildings have been connected by underground fibre cable back to the communications room in the main office. The work that will be performed mainly in this project is merging of IT assets of the four businesses into a new network. This project will determine the client requirements for the new network as well as the server requirements along with required hardware for the new network. This includes the installation and setup of all the network devices, cabling and interfaces, which may include but may not be limited to workstations, multi-function devices, servers, switches, routers, racks, and all related server roles as mentioned in the section 2.1. Necessary Features The network will be designed to achieve several specific business and operational objectives: Secure Service: The main objective of this network will be to provide secure administrative computing service to DEALS. It will be designed to be functionally and physically isolated from access by people not employed by DEALS to minimize the risk of unauthorized use. Integration and Update: In this project, the installation of necessary network equipment will be in a new building with only exterior walls. The network and equipment being installed will be new state of the art equipment designed specifically for DEALS connecting with the other four branches as NELLS, HEFA, TANB and WIMPS. Versatile Information Processing: The network will enable users to retrieve, process, and store data regarding the operation of the DEALS, its clients, accounting, billing, tracking, and check in and check out of IT assets to be merged at the facility. Scalability: The network design will be scalable so that more network cable equipment can be added if required and as per availability of funds without having to redo the installed network. Desirable Features The examination of the case study reflected that the clients need a robust network infrastructure with following features: Scalability: The network design must be Scalable so that it can grow to include new user groups and remote sites andcan support new applications without affecting the level of service delivered to existing users (Channegowda, Nejabati and Simeonidou 2013). Availability: A network designed for availability is one that delivers consistent, reliable performance 24 hours a day for 7 days a week. In addition, the failure of a single link or piece of equipmentshould not significantly affect network performance. Security: Security is a feature that must be designed into the network, not added on after the networkis complete. Planning the location of security devices, filters, and firewall features is criticalto safeguarding network resources. Manageability: No matter how good the initial network design is, the available network staffmust be able to manage and support the network (Develderet al. 2014). A network that is too complex or difficult tomaintain cannot function effectively and efficiently. Project Constraints In this report, Project Constraints are defined as the project's parameters by setting limits on what can be done. For example, if the project has a fixed budget, planners may have to use the equipment they can afford rather than the equipment they consider ideal for the job. The three general categories of project constraints that have been identified for DEALS network infrastructure are as below: Time constraints: The time constraint for this project that has been estimated for finalization is Twelve Weeks. This estimated time is required for the project, as it will comprise of Four weeks for preparation, Six weeks for Installation and Testing along with additional Two weeks for Training and monitoring. Resource constraints: A project's budget is a common resource constraint. If the proposed budget cannot meet the projected personnel costs, equipment costs, and software costs, the project cannot continue or may need to be modified to address the restraints (Burakowski et al. 2012). The total budget that has been allowed for the IT section of DEALS Network Infrastructure setup project is $365,000. The support staff associated with this project will be allocated in between $30 to $50 per hour for technical personnels and will rise for management level staffs along with highly trained staffs. Additionally, in context to the DEALS network infrastructure setup project there is other resource constraints as: The appropriate personnel for the network infrastructure development i.e. Network Engineer may not be available or their training may not be sufficient to complete the project. Computer resources or hardware equipment may not be accessible. Schedule constraints: A project schedule also may restrict what the project can accomplish. For example, many organizations do not allow changes to the IT environment during specific times, such as during the end of the corporate fiscal year or peak business cycles (Vleugels and Peeters2012). If the DEALS network infrastructure project is due for completion during one of these periods, the project scope may require modification. The scheduling is considered as an essential aspect in any project however, it should done in such a way that the project does not interrupts the business processes. Hence, in this context to the DEALS Network Infrastructure Setup project, the average business time to cost ratio for possible interruptions was estimated and it has been found that Business is not to be disrupted during the project. Feature constraints: In context to this, particular DEALS Network Infrastructure setup project these type of constraints can affect a project's start or scope. For example, if DEALS is evaluating a new product based on a particular feature and that feature is not available or does not meet the company requirements, the organization may choose to cancel the project. If a particular feature is critical, the project scope may be modified to include the feature. The additional features in this project for the development of DEALS network Infrastructure can be imposed on the network as per choice only if it is within the allocated budget. The implementation of the additional features may require alternative actions or route provided it be within the scope of this project. The project team and business sponsors often negotiate project constraints, as well as business requirements. The budget may seem like a firm constraint, but if increasing the budget results in meeting an important business requirement, the budget may be adjusted to include the requirement (Lu et al. 2013). However, in this project, grouping of physical hardware and logical components will be done which are needed to provide a number of features for the network. Initial Server Requirements Proposal Required Server Roles It is relatively obvious that every server fulfills some kind of role. Some are Web servers. Some are file servers. Others are domain controllers (DCs) or infrastructure servers, such as Domain Name System (DNS) and the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). Then, of course, there is the DC/File Server/Web Server/Application Server/Firewall/DHCP/ DNS server, also known as "the server" in DEALS business case. However, none of them is anything until they are deployed one or more roles to them (Zhang, Wang and Sun 2013).Because not every server is made equal, it makes sense that the same configuration is not optimal for every server. This seems rather obvious if one considers the fact that to meet the needs of each role the server must have certain software installed and settings made. A role is a collection of software that collectively enables the server to provide some service to the network. Generally, a role is for what the server has been procured. An example of a role is Domain Controller or Application Server (Shah2013). Often a role can be installed in one-step, but may require significant configuration to function the way it is desired. In this particular case study in context to the merging IT assets of NELLS, HEFA, WIMPS and TANB, the examination has been done on server roles that are required as below: Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) Application Server DHCP Server DNS Server File Services Network Policy and Access Services Print Services Web Server (IIS) Windows Deployment Services (WDS) Explanation on the Requirement of Server Roles The requirement of each server role is explained as below: Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS): This role promotes the server to a DC. In addition to running dcpromo.exe manually, as in prior versions, this role have to be installed. The AD DS will store information about users, computers, and other devices on the DEALS network. ADDS in the DEALS network will help administrators to securely manage this information and facilitate resource sharing and collaboration between users. ADDS is also required to be installed on the DEALS network in order to install directory-enabled applications such as Microsoft Exchange Server and for applying other WindowsServer technologies such as Group Policy. Application Server: Provides access to programs written using an application framework. It is typically not used by itself but rather in conjunction with the Web Server role. DHCP Server: Provides DHCP (dynamic IP address assignment) to computers throughout anetwork. DNS Server: Provides host name-to-IP address name resolution services throughout a network. File Services:It adds additional file server services such as the Distributed File System (DFS), the shared folder management tools, and Network File System (NFS) for Unix-based clients (Lundqvist, Mattssonand Kim2012). Network Policy and Access Services: This role provides the collection of services related to remote network access. Print Services: Provides advanced printer management services. Web Server (IIS): By default, if no configuration options are made during installation of the role, IIS 7.0 provides only static HTML support (Mueller, Ledererand Timmerer2012). This role in DEALS network will allow sharing information with users on the Internet, an intranet, or an extranet. Windows Deployment Services (WDS): WDS is Microsofts latest technology to deploy the operating system remotely to computers over the network. Phase of Network Construction for Each Role The network construction for the server roles mentioned in the previous section have to undergo two phases to complete the merging of the four buildings IT assets. The new network will have a client/server configuration and a domain with active directory implemented, all primary server assets are to be located in the new main office. The new network will be implemented in two phases as below: Phase OneIt will involve the setup of the network infrastructure (cabling, switches, routers and printers) and two Domain controllers with all policy requirements implemented along with the required network folder structures and access controls implemented. In this phase there will also be a provision to provide an internal email system so all employees can have internal email. In this phase of the network infrastructure setup, there will be implementation of following features for the new client/server network with policies: All network nodes and devices must be named according to the network-naming scheme The network must use an IP addressing scheme that caters for all nodes on the network and allows for easy expansion of the network All servers, routers, switches and printers are to have static IP addresses, all other nodes are to use DHCP to gain an IP address The network speed required is Gigabit Only authenticated user are allowed to access the network When users logon they are presented with a message that contains the companies Acceptable Use Policy Company policy is to require all users to use complex password for logging on to the network Each user is to have a Home drive (H :) mapped on the file server All failed login attempts are to be auditable events Provide centralized storage of company data in an appropriate file and folder structure and provide backup and restoration capability using a suitable backup program, schedule and media Provide an environment where company resources can be shared and easily accessed by the users who require it by implementing access controls that restrict access to data and resources to only employees that require it to carry out their work. Auditing of users accessing the following network resources is required Staff records folder Financial records folder ResearchDevelopment data folder Customer records folder User are to be restricted to 4 consecutive login attempts before being locked out of the system The lockout period for failed login attempts is to be 15 minutes, after this time period has elapsed the users account is to be unlocked All User Accounts are to have the full details of the user included and recorded on a User Account Record sheet Details of all server settings, policies and network topology are to be fully documented As the management are expecting the company to grow over the next few years they require a network setup that is easy to expand when required Provide the capability to implement phase two of the network without major changes or disruption to the network structure Phase Two This phase will provide for the implementation of remote login capability, an SQL server, and cater for the future implementation of an in-house web server to host the companies proposed web site. Recommended Network Operating System A network operating system includes special functions for connecting computers and devices into a local-area network (LAN). Some operating systems, such as UNIX and the Mac OS, have networking functions built in (Dean2012). The term network operating system is generally reserved for software that enhances a basic operating system by adding networking features. The recommended Network Operating System for DEALS is Windows Server 2012 Datacenter edition as it is robust in nature and has added capabilities like Volume Licensing and OEM for maintenance of the IT assets. Alternate Network Operating System The alternative network operating system that can be used for merging the IT assets of the four buildings into DEALS is Windows Server 2012 R2 Standard edition. In this operating system, the Server Manager has been redesigned with an emphasis on easing management of multiple servers. It offers improved reliability for on-disk structures and compatibility with existing APIs as well as technologies. Features of Network Operating System The Windows Server 2012 Datacenter edition offers some essential features of Network operating system as presented below: Basic Operating Features: It supports the basic underlying operating features of networks such as support for processors and the various protocols that allow computers to share data (Mistry and Seenarine2012). Thus, it will also support the processing of other software applications that run on individual computers within the DEALS network. Security Features: It supports a number of security features that control access to the network. It will provide DEALS network with authorization and permission for access to the network, with specific control of features such as user management, log-on controls and passwords. Networking: It is the platform on which computer networking takes place. The DEALS network requires basic features to allow for file, print and Internet connections by using Windows Server 2012 Datacenter (Shimiet al. 2012). Data backup and replication functions are controlled through the network operating system. Administrative Interface: It has an administrative interface that allows a network administrator to monitor and maintain the system. This interface will have a menu that allows the administrator of DEALS network to perform functions such as formatting hard drives and setting up security protocols for both the system and individual users. Evidence of the Ability of the Network Operating System Windows Server 2012 Datacenter The PowerShell v3, Hyper-V 3.0 and System Center 2012 are some of the best features that can be found in this network operating system to install it for the DEALS network infrastructure. The following features make this Network Operating System to be suitable for DEALS. Hyper-V 3.0: It includes two new options for admins to use. The extensible switch extends a virtual network's functionality in ways that were not possible until now. PowerShell v3: It makes automation throughout the server while working with programs such as Active Directory to promote cloud-based servers without the need of a deployment wizard directly on the server (Wright et al. 2012). Microsoft System Center 2012: The suite of updated products help admins run enterprises smoothly with cloud computing. They include Virtual Machine Manager 2012 and Configuration Manager 2012 and make the management of cloud deployment easy. Windows Server 2012 R2 Standard It is ideal for Non-virtualized or lightly virtualized environments. Storage Pinning is one of the essential feature in this operating system as Pinning makes it possible to ensure that files you always want on the fastest storage, such as boot disks in a Virtual Desktop Infrastructure deployment, will never be moved to the slower storage tier. Otherwise, files that you always want to take advantage of SSDs might be moved to the HDD tier after some period of relative inactivity. Recommended Mail Server Application The most useful and recommended Mail server application for the DEALS network is Gattaca Mail Server as it is full featured and 100 % compatible to existing standard (Cahillet al. 2012). It can be used as an internal server also as a server for reception or sending e-mails to others mail servers in the Internet or to main mail server in the organization. Alternate Mail Server Application The alternative Mail server application for DEALS to merge the IT assets of the four buildings and to run the business operations successfully is Citadel. It is an e-mail system that can be implemented with DELL Network operating system as Users of Citadel/UX systems also have available to them a web-based user interface which employs Ajax style functionality to allow application-like interaction with the system (Carvalho 2012). Recommendations and Hardware Requirements Scope The purpose of this document is to identify the requirements of the Hardware requirements for each server role. The Hardware requirements analysis provides generic functionality across multiple embedded hardware platforms. This generic functionality can be selectively changed by user code, thus providing application specific software. This document will provide a complete set of identified hardware and each roles that will be installed in favor of the particular hardware for the entire DEALS network infrastructure.The major benefit to this is that offices utilizing the same hardware will only contain thespecificserver roles. Hardware canbe interchanged without effecting how the program logically functions. If the hardware is supported by the roles, a user will be able to utilize the server functionalities using one specific set of hardware and port it to another set just by changing minor configuration and settings. The final goal of this section is to provide enough flexibility to a llow for support of multiple hardware components by differentmanufacturers. Overview The solution for DEALS network setup provides an abundance of features that range from abstracting the hardware from a users application to keeping memory requirements to a minimum. Since this solution is targeted towards embedded solutions, optimizationmust be in the forefront. The deployment of Network operating system in DEALS will require anyone of the following steps: Installation: It is the basic concept of getting the new operating system on the hardware. Specifically, a clean installation requires deleting the previous operating system. Upgrade: It means moving from the existing operating system to Windows Server 2012 R2, while staying on the same hardware (Matoset al. 2012). Even while staying on the same hardware, some server roles might require specific steps to ensure a smooth upgrade. Migration: It means moving from the existing operating system to Windows Server 2012 R2 by transferring to a different set of hardware (Knight et al. 2012). Migration, which might vary considerably depending on the server roles that have been installed. Mapping of Each Role to Physical Server The server roles that can be implemented to Windows Server 2012 are: Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) Application Server DHCP Server DNS Server Web Server (IIS) Windows Deployment Services (WDS) The below mentioned roles can be implemented in DELL Network operating system: File Services Network Policy and Access Services Print Services Identification of Usable Existing Hardware The existing hardware that can be used for this project to setup DEALS Network Infrastructure: DELL OptiPlex 745s, DELL OptiPlex 780s HP4200dtn Laser Printer Cisco 837 ADSL Modem/Router Identification of Usable Existing Hardware with Upgrades The following existing hardware can be upgraded for utilization in the DEALS Network Infrastructure setup: HP4200dtn Laser Printer Cisco 837 ADSL Modem/Router CISCO Catalyst 2900 XL Switch Identification of Recommended New hardware details The recommended hardware details for installing the server roles are presented in the table as below: Component Minimum Requirement Recommended Sever Roles Processor 1.4 GHz 2 GHz or faster Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS) Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) Application Server DHCP Server DNS Server Memory 512 MB RAM 2 GB RAM or greater Available Disk Space 32 GB 40 GB or greater Optical Drive DVD-ROM drive DVD-ROM drive Component Minimum Requirement Sever Roles Processor 1.2 GHz Fax Server File Services Network Policy and Access Services Print Services Terminal Services Web Server (IIS) Memory 256 MB RAM Available Disk Space 32 GB Optical Drive DVD-ROM drive Component Minimum Requirement Recommended Sever Roles CPU speed 1.4 GHz 64-bit processor Quad-core, 2GHz Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS) Active Directory Rights Management Services (AD RMS) Windows Deployment Services (WDS) Memory 512 MB RAM 4GB Available Disk Space 32 GB 100GB Identification of New Alternative Hardware Details Component Minimum Requirement Microsoft Recommended Processor 1.4 GHz 2 GHz or faster Memory 512 MB RAM 2 GB RAM or greater Available Disk Space 32 GB 40 GB or greater Optical Drive DVD-ROM drive DVD-ROM drive Display Super VGA (800x600) monitor XGA (1024x768) monitor Server Hardware Details Existing/New DELL PowerEdge 2800s Make DELL Model PowerEdge 2800s Specifications Processor 800 MHz Cache Memory 1 MB RAM 12 GB DDR SDRAM HDD 73 GB Roles Hosted File Services Network Policy and Access Services Print Services Peripheral Hardware Details Existing/New Cisco 837 ADSL Modem/Router Make Cisco Model 837 ADSL Modem Specifications Cable SOHO/800 series router modem cable, Blue light console cable (RJ-45 2 DB-9) Authentication Method CHAP PAP, RADIUS, SSH2 protocol, TACACS+. 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